We have to conserve and protect the whole ecosystem thereby biodiversity at all levels is protected. When we save the entire forest we save an animal in the forest say, the tiger. This approach is called in situ (on site) conservation.
However, when there are situations where an animal or plant is endangered or threatened and needs urgent measures to save it from extinction, ex situ (off site) conservation is the desirable approach.
In situ conservation- Faced with the conflict between development and conservation, many nations find it unrealistic and economically not feasible to conserve all their biological wealth. Invariably, the number of species waiting to be saved from extinction far exceeds the conservation resources available.
On a global basis, this problem has been addressed by eminent conservationists. They identified for maximum protection certain ‘biodiversity hotspots’ regions with very high levels of species richness and high degree of endemism (that is, species confined to that region and not found anywhere else).
Initially 25 biodiversity hotspots were identified but subsequently nine more have been added to the list, bringing the total number of biodiversity hotspots in the world to 34. These hotspots are also regions of accelerated habitat loss.
Three of these hotspots – Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma and Himalaya – cover our country’s exceptionally high biodiversity regions. Although all the biodiversity hotspots put together cover less than 2 percent of the earth’s land area, the number of species they collectively harbour is extremely high and strict protection of these hotspots could reduce the ongoing mass extinctions by almost 30 per cent.
In India, ecologically unique and biodiversity-rich regions are legally protected as biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries. India now has 18 biosphere reserves, 106 national parks and 567 wildlife sanctuaries.
India has also a history of religious and cultural traditions that emphasised protection of nature. In many cultures, tracts of forests were set aside, and all the trees and wildlife within were venerated and given total protection. Such sacred groves are found in Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya, Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan, Western Ghat regions of Karnataka and Maharashtra and the Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar areas of Madhya Pradesh. In Meghalaya, the sacred groves are the last refuges for a large number of rare and threatened plants.
Ex situ Conservation- In this approach, threatened animals and plants are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting where they can be protected and given special care. Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks serve this purpose.
There are many animals that have become extinct in the wild but continue to be maintained in zoological parks. In recent years ex situ conservation has advanced beyond keeping threatened species in enclosures.
Now gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods using cryopreservation techniques, eggs can be fertilised in vitro, and plants can be propagated using tissue culture methods. Seeds of different genetic strains of commercially important plants can be kept for long periods in seed banks.
Biodiversity knows no political boundaries and its conservation is therefore a collective responsibility of all nations. The historic Convention on Biological Diversity(‘The Earth Summit’) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, called upon all nations to take appropriate measures for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of its benefits.
In a follow-up, the World Summit Africa, 190 countries pledged their commitment to achieve by 2010, a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss at global, regional and local level.
Significance of Biodiversity
- To Meet Survival Needs: Perhaps the most important value of biodiversity, particularly in India, is that it meets the basic survival needs of a vast number of people.
- Genes regulate all biological processes on the planet and increase the ability of organisms to cope with environmental stressors.
- Even today there are many traditional communities which depend, wholly or partially, on the surrounding natural resources for their daily needs of food, shelter and clothing.
- Pharmaceutical Value: Biodiversity has greatly contributed to modern medicine and advancements in human health research and treatment.
- Many modern pharmaceuticals are derived from plant species, including the anti-tumor agent Taxol from the Pacific yew tree and the antimalarial artemisinin from sweet wormwood.
- Aesthetic Value: Each species and ecosystem adds to the richness and beauty of life on Earth. Highly diverse environments are prime ecosystems that support many species in addition to being aesthetically beautiful, educational, and interesting recreation sites.
- Ethical Value: Each species is unique and has a right to exist. Each species is worthy of respect regardless of its worth to human beings. This point of view was recognised in the World Charter for Nature, adopted by the United Nations in 1982.
- Ecological Services: Specific life forms present in a particular habitat helps in providing conditions for other life forms to live in that environment. Destroying one species can lead to further extinctions or changes.
